Atlas causal

Every source the atlas cites, and how often it cites each.

narratives about

Bibliography

Every claim in the atlas needs a source. Each source is a record of its own, written once: fifty records that rest on the same book all cite one file. The atlas makes this list from the records themselves, so each count comes from the records that cite the work. Nobody keeps these numbers by hand.

Click a title to open the source inside the atlas. There it lists every event, link, actor, place and territory that cites it, with the page or section each one names. Some edges cite a work in dissent, meaning the work argues against the link. The atlas lists those citations apart and marks them, because a book that disagrees with a claim is not evidence for it.

Works cited

79 sources. The records cite 78 of them, 7940 times in all. Each title opens the records that cite it.

  1. Andrei Miroiu, Ana Raluca Alecu (2024). Mali: Conflict, Social Order and the Crime-Terror Nexus. Conflict Studies Quarterly, (48), 58-71.

    article · 1 citation · doi:10.24193/csq.48.4

  2. Anthony F. Upton (1980). Vallankumous Suomessa 1917–1918, I. Gummerus.

    book · 2 citations · ISBN 9512620227

  3. António Costa Pinto (2003). Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society and Culture. Social Science Monographs / Columbia University Press.

    book · 82 citations · search.worldcat.org

  4. António Costa Pinto, Conceição Pequito Teixeira (2019). Political Institutions and Democracy in Portugal: Assessing the Impact of the Eurocrisis. Palgrave Macmillan.

    book · 87 citations · search.worldcat.org

  5. António José Telo (2007). História Contemporânea de Portugal: do 25 de Abril à Actualidade. Presença.

    book · 189 citations · search.worldcat.org

  6. Arnold Isaacs, Gordon Hardy (1988). Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos. Boston Publishing Company.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 0939526247

  7. Assembleia da República (2024). Solemn session for the fiftieth anniversary of 25 April. Assembleia da República, Diário da Assembleia da República, solemn session of 25 April 2024.

    primary source · 2 citations · Assembleia da República, Diário da Assembleia da República, solemn session of 25 April 2024

  8. Assembleia da República (2025). Rejection of the motion of confidence tabled by the XXIV Constitutional Government. Assembleia da República, Diário da Assembleia da República, sitting of 11 March 2025.

    primary source · 3 citations · Assembleia da República, Diário da Assembleia da República, sitting of 11 March 2025

  9. Astrid Ackermann (2023). Herzog Bernhard von Weimar: Militärunternehmer und politischer Stratege im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. De Gruyter.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9783110701913

  10. Banco de Portugal (2014). Resolution measure applied to Banco Espírito Santo, S.A.. Banco de Portugal, deliberation of the Board of Directors of 3 August 2014.

    primary source · 5 citations · Banco de Portugal, deliberation of the Board of Directors of 3 August 2014

  11. Barbara D. Metcalf, Thomas R. Metcalf (2006). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780521863629

  12. Barbara J. Jester, Timothy M. Uyeki, Daniel B. Jernigan (2020). Fifty Years of Influenza A(H3N2) Following the Pandemic of 1968. American Journal of Public Health, (110(5)), 669-676.

    article · 1 citation · doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305557

  13. Benjamin J. Cohen (2007). Global Monetary Governance. Routledge.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780203962589

  14. Boris Fausto (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780521565264

  15. Charles F. Walker (2014). The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    book · 2 citations · ISBN 9780674058255

  16. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2015). Official results, legislative election of 2015-10-04. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2015-10-04.

    primary source · 5 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2015-10-04

  17. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2016). Official results, presidential election of 2016-01-24. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, presidential election of 2016-01-24.

    primary source · 5 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, presidential election of 2016-01-24

  18. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2019). Official results, legislative election of 2019-10-06. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2019-10-06.

    primary source · 6 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2019-10-06

  19. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2021). Official results, presidential election of 2021-01-24. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, presidential election of 2021-01-24.

    primary source · 2 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, presidential election of 2021-01-24

  20. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2022). Official results, legislative election of 2022-01-30. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2022-01-30.

    primary source · 4 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2022-01-30

  21. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2024). Official results, legislative election of 2024-03-10. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2024-03-10.

    primary source · 9 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2024-03-10

  22. Comissão Nacional de Eleições (2025). Official results, legislative election of 2025-05-18. Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2025-05-18.

    primary source · 2 citations · Comissão Nacional de Eleições, official results, legislative election of 2025-05-18

  23. Comissão Técnica Independente (2018). Reports on the forest fires of June and October 2017. Assembleia da República, reports of the Comissão Técnica Independente on the fires of 17-24 June 2017 and of 15-16 October 2017.

    primary source · 3 citations · Assembleia da República, reports of the Comissão Técnica Independente on the fires of 17-24 June 2017 and of 15-16 October 2017

  24. David Fromkin (2009). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780805088090

  25. David Gaunt (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I. Gorgias Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9781593333010

  26. David Marley (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO.

    book · 3 citations · ISBN 9781598841008

  27. Douglas L. Wheeler (1978). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910–1926. University of Wisconsin Press.

    book · 74 citations · search.worldcat.org

  28. Eliezer Tauber (2014). The Arab Movements in World War I. Routledge.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9781135199784

  29. Fernando Rosas (1994). O Estado Novo (1926–1974). História de Portugal, vol. 7 (dir. José Mattoso). Círculo de Leitores.

    book · 98 citations · search.worldcat.org

  30. Fernando Rosas (2012). Salazar e o Poder: A Arte de Saber Durar. Tinta-da-China.

    book · 5 citations · search.worldcat.org

  31. Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses (2004). Portugal 1914–1926: From the First World War to Military Dictatorship. Bristol: HiPLAM.

    book · 60 citations · search.worldcat.org

  32. Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses (2009). Salazar: A Political Biography. Enigma Books.

    book · 18 citations · search.worldcat.org

  33. Frank E. Trout (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9782600044950

  34. Fred Anderson (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. Faber and Faber.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780571205356

  35. Garry Leech (2009). Beyond Bogota: Diary of a Drug War Journalist. Beacon Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780807061480

  36. Gerhard Seibert (2005). Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe. Brill.

    book · 1 citation · search.worldcat.org

  37. Grant D. Jones (1998). The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780804735223

  38. H. James Burgwyn (1997). Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918–1940. Praeger Publishers.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780275948771

  39. Hans Mommsen (1996). The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy. University of North Carolina Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 0807847216

  40. Holy See Press Office (2023). World Youth Day, Lisbon 2023. Holy See Press Office, designation of Lisbon on 27 January 2019 and the celebration of 1-6 August 2023.

    primary source · 2 citations · Holy See Press Office, designation of Lisbon on 27 January 2019 and the celebration of 1-6 August 2023

  41. International Monetary Fund (2016). Portugal: Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access under the 2011 Extended Arrangement. International Monetary Fund.

    article · 16 citations · search.worldcat.org

  42. Ivo Goldstein (1999). Croatia: A History. C. Hurst & Co..

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9781850655251

  43. James F. Schnabel (1972). Policy and Direction: The First Year. Center of Military History, United States Army.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780160359552 · history.army.mil

  44. Jay Kinsbruner (1994). Independence in Spanish America: Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment. University of New Mexico Press.

    book · 2 citations · ISBN 9780826321770

  45. John Hemming (1993). The Conquest of the Incas. Macmillan.

    book · 2 citations · ISBN 0333106830

  46. John Julius Norwich (1982). A History of Venice. Knopf.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780679721970

  47. Jorge Ferreira, Angela de Castro Gomes (2014). 1964: O golpe que derrubou um presidente, pôs fim ao regime democrático e instituiu a ditadura no Brasil. Civilização Brasileira.

    book · 1 citation · search.worldcat.org

  48. Karl Watson (1970). A Brief History of Barbados. In Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination, 30-34. Hansib.

    chapter · 1 citation · ISBN 9781870518543

  49. Kenneth Maxwell (1995). The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge University Press.

    book · 59 citations · search.worldcat.org

  50. Lansana Gberie (2005). A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone. Indiana University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780253218551

  51. Luigi Dossena (2014). Historia et imago Cremae. Eventi e fatti d’arme della battaglia di Ombriano del 1514: gli eserciti più potenti d’Europa combatterono nel cremasco. Cremaonline.

    web · 1 citation · www.cremaonline.it

  52. M. C. Ricklefs (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. Stanford University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 1349227005

  53. Marshall C. Eakin (1998). Brazil: The Once and Future Country. Palgrave Macmillan.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780312214456

  54. Martin Heckel (1983). Deutschland im konfessionellen Zeitalter. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 3525334834

  55. Max Caulfield (1995). The Easter Rebellion, Dublin 1916. Roberts Rinehart Publishers.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 157098042X

  56. Michael Craton (1982). Testing the Chains. Cornell University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780801412523

  57. Michael Mallett, Christine Shaw (2014). The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. Routledge.

    book · 3 citations · ISBN 9781317899396

  58. Norrie MacQueen (1997). The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire. Longman.

    book · 68 citations · search.worldcat.org

  59. Peter H. Wilson (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780713995923

  60. Phyllis R. Parker (1977). 1964: O Papel dos Estados Unidos no Golpe de 31 de Março. Civilização Brasileira.

    book · 1 citation · docvirt.com

  61. Presidência da República. Appointment of the XXI and XXIV Constitutional Governments. Diário da República, decrees of the President of the Republic appointing the XXI Constitutional Government (November 2015) and the XXIV Constitutional Government (April 2024).

    primary source · 3 citations · Diário da República, decrees of the President of the Republic appointing the XXI Constitutional Government (November 2015) and the XXIV Constitutional Government (April 2024)

  62. Presidência da República (2020). Declaration and renewals of the state of emergency, March to May 2020. Diário da República, decrees of the President of the Republic declaring and renewing the state of emergency between 18 March and 2 May 2020.

    primary source · 4 citations · Diário da República, decrees of the President of the Republic declaring and renewing the state of emergency between 18 March and 2 May 2020

  63. Procuradoria-Geral da República (2023). Communiqué on the searches of 7 November 2023. Procuradoria-Geral da República, communiqué of 7 November 2023.

    primary source · 3 citations · Procuradoria-Geral da República, communiqué of 7 November 2023

  64. Redes Energéticas Nacionais (2025). The supply interruption of 28 April 2025. Redes Energéticas Nacionais, transmission system operator's records of the interruption of 28 April 2025 on the Iberian peninsula.

    primary source · 1 citation · Redes Energéticas Nacionais, transmission system operator's records of the interruption of 28 April 2025 on the Iberian peninsula

  65. Reinhard Sturm (2011). Weimarer Republik. Informationen zur politischen Bildung, (261).

    article · 1 citation · www.bpb.de

  66. Ricardo Reis (2013). The Portuguese Slump and Crash and the Euro Crisis. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring 2013. Brookings Institution.

    article · 28 citations · search.worldcat.org

  67. Richard C. Hall (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge.

    book · 2 citations · ISBN 0415229464

  68. Richard K. Riehn (1990). 1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign. McGraw-Hill.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780070527317

  69. Richard Pares (1936). War and Trade in the West Indies. Oxford University Press.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 0714619434

  70. Robert D. Kaplan (1990). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Knopf Doubleday.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 9780395521328

  71. Robert Gellately (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 1400040051

  72. Rui Ramos, Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa, Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro (2009). História de Portugal. A Esfera dos Livros.

    book · 136 citations · search.worldcat.org

  73. Union of European Football Associations (2016). Match report, final of the 2016 European Championship. Union of European Football Associations, official match report, Saint-Denis, 10 July 2016.

    primary source · 0 citations · Union of European Football Associations, official match report, Saint-Denis, 10 July 2016

  74. Valerie Fifer (1970). The Empire Builders: A History of the Bolivian Rubber Boom and the Rise of the House of Suarez. Journal of Latin American Studies, 2(2).

    article · 1 citation · doi:10.1017/S0022216X00005095 · www.jstor.org

  75. Wikidata contributors. Wikidata. Wikimedia Foundation; the data is released under CC0 1.0.

    dataset · 2690 citations · www.wikidata.org

  76. Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia, English edition. Wikimedia Foundation; the text is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.

    web · 4058 citations · en.wikipedia.org

  77. Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia, Portuguese edition. Wikimedia Foundation; the text is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.

    web · 157 citations · pt.wikipedia.org

  78. William H. Prescott (2006). History of the Conquest of Peru. BiblioBazaar.

    book · 2 citations · ISBN 142640042X

  79. William P. Guthrie (2003). The later Thirty Years War: from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing Group.

    book · 1 citation · ISBN 0313324085

Base maps and borders

2 sources. The records cite 2 of them, 9301 times in all. Each territory on the map cites its dataset once, so these counts are high.

  1. André Ourednik, the historical-basemaps contributors (2026). Historical Basemaps: historical boundaries of world countries and cultural regions. https://github.com/aourednik/historical-basemaps.

    dataset · 8175 citations · github.com · https://github.com/aourednik/historical-basemaps

  2. Guy Schvitz, Luc Girardin, Seraina Rüegger, Nils B. Weidmann, Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (2022). Mapping the International System, 1886-2019: The CShapes 2.0 Dataset. Journal of Conflict Resolution.

    dataset · 1126 citations · doi:10.1177/00220027211013563 · icr.ethz.ch

The records are under CC BY-SA 4.0. The works cited belong to their authors, and this page lists them only as references. The territory outlines come from separate datasets under their own licences. The about page explains them.